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OOA - HG A/E/CT-M168 Hofmeyr Skull - IMPORTANT - Cabrera 2022
Following the evolution of Homo sapiens across Africa using a uniparental genetic guide Cabrera 2022
there are other Y-chromosome basal lineages, as A0a1a observed in Cameroonian Bakola directly related to the A0a1 (xP114) present in Berbers from Algeria,
[...]
Likewise, the scarce hominin fossils remains unearthed show primitive features even at recent Pleistocene to Holocene boundaries as is the case of the Nigerian Iwo Eleru remains,reflecting either admixture with archaic humans or long-term survival of primitive anatomical features at recent (11.7 -16.3 Ka) times[80,81]. On its hand, mtDNA does not present any deep split that could be specifically related to West Africa (Table 3).
[...]
the Y-chromosome counterpart of this early spread the haplogroup CT-M168 that includes the Eurasian haplogroups C, D and F and the African haplogroup E[23].
[...]
According to the new coalescent ages for the L3 subclades (Table 3), the first radiations in eastern Africa took place around 75 kya, at the beginning of the arid MIS 4 period. It was at this stage when an early modern human displacement by the Neanderthals in the Levant was attested [40]. The Y- chromosome counterpart of this mtDNA back flow to Africa was haplogroup E [127]. The detection, in the extant population of SaudiArabia, of the basal African Y-chromosome lineage E-M96*[128] is in support of this back flow. Furthermore, whole genome sequence analyses also favor models involving possible African returns 70-60 kya[129,130]
[...]
The evidence gathered from the fossil and archaeological records for the proposed return to Africa has been only occasionally mentioned but, without generalized acceptance.
[...]
It should be emphasized that the proposed return to Africa, inferred from the non-recombinant maternal haplogroup L3 and paternal haplogroup E lineages, was earlier, had a broader geographic distribution, and greater genetic impact than later Eurasian penetrations into Africa. At this respect, it is suffice to note that, on average, maternal L3 lineages represent 27% and paternal E lineages 72% of the female and male African genetic pools respectively [23]. Subsequent pre-Holocene and Holocene Eurasian waves into Africa, signaled mainly by mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 [140–144], and Y-chromosome haplogroups J1-M267, R-V88 and T-M70 [87,145–147] had more limited impact affecting mainly northern and northeastern Africa. Due to the fact that these secondary Eurasian flows did not reach southern Africa, the delayed presence in South Africa of Nubian technology dated to 60-50 kya[148], and the analysis of the Hofmeyr skull, dated at 36.2 ± 3.3 kya, and showing strongest morphometric affinities with Upper Paleolithic Eurasians rather than present-day Khoisan [149], might be explained as the late arrival to the south of the proposed southwestern Asian reflux into Africa.
[...]
The first out of Africa and back again for modern humans was proposed based on a nested cladistic analysis of the Y-chromosome variation (Hammer [159], and was supported by applying a most parsimonious criterion at an unbiased Y-chromosome tree [127]. Searching for a female counterpart, it was suggested that mtDNA haplogroup L3 also signals an early return to Africa [23] and, recently, this backflow to Africa has also been detected by whole genomic data [129]. The relatively closer morphological affinities of some African fossils with coetaneous Eurasian remains rather than with current African groups that have never abandoned the African continent [150], could also be taken in favor of this return to Africa.
SEE MORE @
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/bior...99026.full.pdf
there are other Y-chromosome basal lineages, as A0a1a observed in Cameroonian Bakola directly related to the A0a1 (xP114) present in Berbers from Algeria,
[...]
Likewise, the scarce hominin fossils remains unearthed show primitive features even at recent Pleistocene to Holocene boundaries as is the case of the Nigerian Iwo Eleru remains,reflecting either admixture with archaic humans or long-term survival of primitive anatomical features at recent (11.7 -16.3 Ka) times[80,81]. On its hand, mtDNA does not present any deep split that could be specifically related to West Africa (Table 3).
[...]
the Y-chromosome counterpart of this early spread the haplogroup CT-M168 that includes the Eurasian haplogroups C, D and F and the African haplogroup E[23].
[...]
According to the new coalescent ages for the L3 subclades (Table 3), the first radiations in eastern Africa took place around 75 kya, at the beginning of the arid MIS 4 period. It was at this stage when an early modern human displacement by the Neanderthals in the Levant was attested [40]. The Y- chromosome counterpart of this mtDNA back flow to Africa was haplogroup E [127]. The detection, in the extant population of SaudiArabia, of the basal African Y-chromosome lineage E-M96*[128] is in support of this back flow. Furthermore, whole genome sequence analyses also favor models involving possible African returns 70-60 kya[129,130]
[...]
The evidence gathered from the fossil and archaeological records for the proposed return to Africa has been only occasionally mentioned but, without generalized acceptance.
[...]
It should be emphasized that the proposed return to Africa, inferred from the non-recombinant maternal haplogroup L3 and paternal haplogroup E lineages, was earlier, had a broader geographic distribution, and greater genetic impact than later Eurasian penetrations into Africa. At this respect, it is suffice to note that, on average, maternal L3 lineages represent 27% and paternal E lineages 72% of the female and male African genetic pools respectively [23]. Subsequent pre-Holocene and Holocene Eurasian waves into Africa, signaled mainly by mtDNA haplogroups M1 and U6 [140–144], and Y-chromosome haplogroups J1-M267, R-V88 and T-M70 [87,145–147] had more limited impact affecting mainly northern and northeastern Africa. Due to the fact that these secondary Eurasian flows did not reach southern Africa, the delayed presence in South Africa of Nubian technology dated to 60-50 kya[148], and the analysis of the Hofmeyr skull, dated at 36.2 ± 3.3 kya, and showing strongest morphometric affinities with Upper Paleolithic Eurasians rather than present-day Khoisan [149], might be explained as the late arrival to the south of the proposed southwestern Asian reflux into Africa.
[...]
The first out of Africa and back again for modern humans was proposed based on a nested cladistic analysis of the Y-chromosome variation (Hammer [159], and was supported by applying a most parsimonious criterion at an unbiased Y-chromosome tree [127]. Searching for a female counterpart, it was suggested that mtDNA haplogroup L3 also signals an early return to Africa [23] and, recently, this backflow to Africa has also been detected by whole genomic data [129]. The relatively closer morphological affinities of some African fossils with coetaneous Eurasian remains rather than with current African groups that have never abandoned the African continent [150], could also be taken in favor of this return to Africa.
SEE MORE @
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/bior...99026.full.pdf